ASTM A514 Grade R (A514GRR) Alloy Steel Plate
ASTM A514 Grade R (A514GRR) - High Strength Quenched & Tempered Alloy Steel Plate
In-depth technical profile of ASTM A514 Grade R high yield strength alloy steel plate: chemical composition, mechanical and thermal properties, international equivalents, and engineering applications.
Hot rolling followed by quenching and tempering; suitable for cutting, cold forming, machining and welding under controlled conditions.
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ASTM A514 Grade R Alloy Steel Plate Introduction
ASTM A514 Grade R (A514GRR) is a high-strength, low-alloy structural steel plate supplied in the quenched and tempered condition. It offers a minimum yield strength of 690 MPa (100 ksi) and is characterised by excellent notch toughness, good weldability, and atmospheric corrosion resistance. Key features:
- Yield strength ≥ 690 MPa, tensile strength in the range 760–895 MPa.
- Low carbon content ensures good weldability without compromising strength.
- Microalloyed with titanium for fine-grain strengthening and toughness.
- Available in plate thicknesses from 3/16 in to 2.5 in (5 mm to 65 mm).
The material is widely used in heavy-duty structural applications where weight savings and high load-bearing capacity are critical.
ASTM A514 Grade R Alloy Steel Plate Chemical Composition
The composition of ASTM A514 Grade R is carefully balanced to achieve deep hardenability and consistent mechanical properties after quenching and tempering. Titanium is added for grain refinement, while chromium and molybdenum improve hardenability. Maximum limits are imposed on phosphorus and sulfur to ensure cleanliness and good notch toughness.
- All values are as per ASTM A514/A514M standard.
- Boron may be present as a residual or intentionally added in some heats, but is not specified in the standard for Grade R.
| Element | Standard Value (wt%) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | ≤ 0.20 | Maximum |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.85 – 1.15 | Range |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.025 | Maximum |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.025 | Maximum |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.20 – 0.35 | Range |
| Chromium (Cr) | 0.40 – 0.65 | Range |
| Nickel (Ni) | ≤ 0.25 | Maximum |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.15 – 0.25 | Range |
| Titanium (Ti) | 0.04 – 0.10 | Range |
| Vanadium (V) | ≤ 0.08 | Maximum |
| Copper (Cu) | ≤ 0.25 | Maximum, if specified |
ASTM A514 Grade R Alloy Steel Plate Thermal and Electrical Physical Properties
The following physical properties are typical for A514 Grade R in the quenched and tempered condition and are provided for design calculations. Actual values may vary slightly with heat treatment and temperature. Density, elastic moduli, and thermal expansion are similar to other alloy structural steels. Electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity are given at room temperature and elevated temperatures where available.
- Data from published literature for comparable Q&T alloy steels and BS EN 10025-6 S690Q general properties.
- Not directly specified in ASTM A514/A514M.
| Property | Typical Value | Unit | Test Condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density (ρ) | 7.85 | g/cm³ | 20°C |
| Elastic Modulus (E) | 205 | GPa | 20°C |
| Shear Modulus (G) | 80 | GPa | 20°C |
| Poisson's Ratio (ν) | 0.29 | - | 20°C (elastic range) |
| Thermal Expansion Coefficient (α) | 11.7 | 10⁻⁶/°C | 20–100°C |
| Thermal Expansion Coefficient (α) | 12.5 | 10⁻⁶/°C | 20–200°C |
| Thermal Expansion Coefficient (α) | 13.6 | 10⁻⁶/°C | 20–400°C |
| Thermal Conductivity (λ) | 42 | W/(m·K) | 100°C |
| Thermal Conductivity (λ) | 38 | W/(m·K) | 200°C |
| Specific Heat Capacity | 477 | J/(kg·K) | 20–100°C |
| Electrical Resistivity (ρ_e) | 0.22 | µΩ·m | 20°C |
ASTM A514 Grade R Alloy Steel Plate Mechanical Properties
Mechanical properties are obtained from longitudinal specimens and are valid for plates in the quenched and tempered condition. Yield strength and tensile strength are independent of thickness up to 2.5 in, while elongation requirements decrease slightly with increasing thickness. Bend test is required, but Charpy V-notch impact testing is supplementary (only when specified in the purchase order).
- Values comply with ASTM A514/A514M.
- Hardness typically falls in the range 235–293 HBW, but is not a mandatory requirement.
| Property | Specified Value | Unit | Test Condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yield Strength (ReH) | ≥ 690 | MPa | t ≤ 2.5 in; transverse specimen |
| Tensile Strength (Rm) | 760 – 895 | MPa | t ≤ 2.5 in |
| Elongation (A) in 2 in (50 mm) | ≥ 18 | % | t ≤ 3/4 in (20 mm) |
| Elongation (A) in 2 in (50 mm) | ≥ 16 | % | 3/4 in < t ≤ 2.5 in |
| Elongation (A) in 8 in (200 mm) | ≥ 15 | % | t ≤ 3/4 in (20 mm) |
| Elongation (A) in 8 in (200 mm) | ≥ 14 | % | 3/4 in < t ≤ 2.5 in |
| Bend Test (bend radius) | D = 3t (180°) | - | t ≤ 2.5 in; no cracks outside of bend |
ASTM A514 Grade R Alloy Steel Plate Directly Equivalent Material Standards and Substitute Grades
No international standard defines a grade with exactly the same chemical composition as ASTM A514 Grade R. The table lists the original ASTM designation and commercially available equivalents that match the same strength level and similar application ranges, but possible differences in specified alloying elements must be verified before substitution.
| Region | Standard | Grade | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| USA | ASTM A514/A514M | Grade R | Original standard; plate in Q&T condition |
| Europe | EN 10025-6 | S690Q | Mechanical properties match, but composition differs; check CEV and element limits |
| Japan | JIS G 3128 | SHY685 | Tensile strength 780–930 MPa; requires confirmation of thickness and impact properties |
ASTM A514 Grade R Alloy Steel Plate Application Introduction
ASTM A514 Grade R is engineered for demanding structural applications where high strength, good weldability, and resistance to brittle fracture are essential. It is suitable for both static and dynamic loading conditions. Fabrication guidelines:
- Preheat and interpass temperature control are critical to avoid hydrogen-induced cracking; recommendations depend on thickness and hydrogen level (typically 100–150°C).
- Post-weld heat treatment is generally not required for thicknesses up to 2.5 in, but stress relieving may be applied at 540–580°C if necessary, with attention to potential strength reduction.
- Cold forming limited to small radii due to high strength; hot forming should be followed by re-quenching and tempering.
Product Applications: Crane booms, lattice booms, and telescopic arms, Mining truck bodies and buckets, Offshore platform structural members, Reinforcing ribs and gussets in bridges, Hydraulic cylinder components and thick-walled tubes (rolled from plate), Armor plate for non-military protective structures
Processed into products: Welded box sections for heavy load-bearing frames, Plate girders and stiffeners, Cut and machined lugs, pins, and clevises, Flame-cut flanges and base plates, Cold-formed press brake parts with large bend radii, Bolted connectors and splice plates
Application industries: Heavy construction machinery (excavators, bulldozers, dump trucks), Mining and earthmoving equipment, Offshore and marine structures (jack-up rigs, crane pedestals), Bridges and high-rise building frameworks, Pressure vessels and storage tanks (requires additional testing per ASTM A517), Transport and lifting equipment (mobile cranes, trailer chassis)
ASTM A514 Grade R Alloy Steel Plate Similar or Nearby Substitute Materials
These steels offer comparable yield strength and are used for similar heavy structural applications. They are not exact substitutes, so thorough evaluation of weldability, toughness, and specific alloy content is necessary.
| Region | Standard | Grade | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| USA | ASTM A514/A514M | Grade Q | Similar strength; higher Ni (1.0–1.5%), Cr up to 1.0%, Mo up to 0.5% |
| USA | ASTM A517/A517M | Grade R | Same composition as A514 Grade R but for pressure vessel plates (slight specification differences) |
| Europe | EN 10025-6 | S690QL | Improved notch toughness (Q&L); composition may vary, typical CEV ≤ 0.65 |
| Germany | DIN EN 10028-6 | P690Q | Pressure vessel quenched and tempered steel; also similar in strength |
Notes:
- Hardenability: The combination of Cr, Mo, and Ti ensures full martensitic transformation in plates up to 2.5 in when quenched in water or oil.
- Welding consumables: Use low-hydrogen electrodes (AWS E11018-M or E12018-M for SMAW) and matching filler metals to achieve weld metal strength close to base metal.
- Corrosion resistance: Exhibits about twice the atmospheric corrosion resistance of carbon structural steel, but for severe environments, painting or other protection is recommended.
- Certification: Mill test reports (MTR) according to EN 10204 Type 3.1 or 3.2 are common for traceability.
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