X12CrS13 (1.4005) Free-Machining Martensitic Stainless Steel
X12CrS13 (1.4005) Free-Machining Martensitic Stainless Steel - Properties & Applications
Comprehensive material data for X12CrS13 (1.4005), a sulfur-alloyed martensitic stainless steel offering enhanced machinability while retaining good corrosion resistance, ideal for high-precision components.
Free-machining, hot forming, cold heading, cold drawing, heat treatment (quenching and tempering), limited weldability
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X12CrS13 Free-Machining Martensitic Stainless Steel Introduction
X12CrS13, designated as 1.4005 in EN 10088-1, is a martensitic chromium stainless steel with a deliberate addition of sulfur (0.15–0.35%) to promote free-machining characteristics. This grade demonstrates excellent machinability, making it well-suited for automatic screw machines and high-volume production of parts such as shafts, valve components, and fasteners. In the quenched and tempered condition (+QT800), it offers a tensile strength of 800–950 MPa and a yield strength of at least 600 MPa, combined with an elongation of ≥12%. Due to its 12.0–14.0% chromium content, it provides moderate corrosion resistance in mildly aggressive environments. The steel can be hardened by heat treatment and is generally supplied in the annealed or quenched and tempered condition. Welding is possible with precautions, but its elevated sulfur content and martensitic structure require preheating and post-weld heat treatment to avoid cracking.
X12CrS13 Free-Machining Martensitic Stainless Steel Chemical Composition
The following elements are specified in EN 10088-1:2014 for grade X12CrS13. Sulfur is intentionally added to enhance machinability, while chromium provides corrosion resistance. The carbon range allows hardening by heat treatment.
| Chemical Element | Standard Value (mass %) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 0.08 - 0.15 | Essential for martensitic hardening response |
| Silicon (Si) | ≤ 1.00 | Deoxidizer, limits oxidizing scale |
| Manganese (Mn) | ≤ 1.50 | Improves hot workability and hardenability |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.040 | Impurity control – detrimental to toughness |
| Sulfur (S) | 0.15 - 0.35 | Added to create sulfide inclusions for free-machining |
| Chromium (Cr) | 12.0 - 14.0 | Primary element for corrosion resistance |
| Iron (Fe) | Balance | Matrix element |
X12CrS13 Free-Machining Martensitic Stainless Steel Thermal & Electrical Physical Properties
Typical physical constants for martensitic grade 1.4005 (X12CrS13) at room temperature and elevated temperatures. These values serve as engineering averages and may vary slightly with product form and heat treatment condition.
| Property | Typical Value | Unit | Testing Condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density (ρ) | 7.70 | g/cm³ | At 20 °C |
| Elastic modulus (E) | 200 | GPa | At 20 °C |
| Shear modulus (G) | 77 | GPa | At 20 °C (calculated) |
| Poisson's ratio (ν) | 0.30 | - | At 20 °C |
| Thermal expansion coeff. (α) | 10.4 | µm/m·°C | 20 – 100 °C |
| Thermal expansion coeff. (α) | 11.0 | µm/m·°C | 20 – 200 °C |
| Thermal expansion coeff. (α) | 11.6 | µm/m·°C | 20 – 300 °C |
| Thermal conductivity (λ) | 25.0 | W/m·K | At 20 °C |
| Thermal conductivity (λ) | 25.0 | W/m·K | At 100 °C |
| Specific heat capacity (c) | 460 | J/kg·K | At 20 °C |
| Electrical resistivity (ρe) | 0.60 | µΩ·m | At 20 °C |
X12CrS13 Free-Machining Martensitic Stainless Steel Mechanical Properties
Mechanical property requirements according to EN 10088-3:2014 for bars (and applicable for plates/coils from EN 10088-2). Values are given for the two most common delivery conditions. Annealed material offers lower strength with higher ductility, while quenching and tempering produces a balanced strength-toughness combination suitable for most structural applications.
| Property | Standard Requirement Value | Unit | Test Condition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength (Rm) | ≤ 730 | MPa | Annealed (+A), bar ≤ 160 mm (EN 10088-3) / plate ≤ 75 mm (≤ 740 MPa EN 10088-2) |
| Tensile strength (Rm) | 800 - 950 | MPa | Quenched and tempered (+QT800), bar ≤ 160 mm |
| Yield strength (Rp0.2) | ≥ 600 | MPa | Quenched and tempered (+QT800), bar ≤ 160 mm |
| Elongation (A) | ≥ 12 | % | Quenched and tempered (+QT800), gauge length L0 = 5.65√S0 |
| Impact energy (KV) | ≥ 25 | J | Quenched and tempered (+QT800), 20 °C, longitudinal |
X12CrS13 Free-Machining Martensitic Stainless Steel Full Equivalent Material Standards & Substitutable Grades
| Country/Region | Standard | Grade | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Europe | EN 10088-1 | X12CrS13 (1.4005) | Identical to the original grade |
| USA | ASTM A276/A276M | 416 (UNS S41600) | Free-machining martensitic stainless |
| USA | AMS 5610 | 416 Stainless Steel | Aerospace material specification |
| China | GB/T 1220-2007 | Y1Cr13 | Corresponds to sulfurised 1Cr13 |
| Japan | JIS G4303 | SUS416 | Martensitic free-cutting grade |
| International | ISO 15510 | X12CrS13 | Harmonized international designation |
X12CrS13 Free-Machining Martensitic Stainless Steel Application Introduction
X12CrS13 is primarily selected for components that require moderate corrosion resistance and excellent machinability. Its sulfur alloying makes it ideal for high‑speed automatic machining, reducing tool wear and improving chip breaking. Typical applications span automotive, fluid handling, and general engineering sectors.
Product Applications: Pump shafts and spindles, Valve stems, gate valve wedges, Hexagon bolts, nuts, and screws, Precision turned parts for automatic screw machines, Bushings, sleeves, and spacers
Processed into products: Solenoid cores and armatures, Hydraulic fittings and adaptors, Carburetor and throttle body components, Dowel pins, clevis pins, and hinge pins, Light‑duty gears and cams
Application industries: Automotive (fuel system components, sensor housings), Pump and valve manufacturing (stems, bodies, impellers), Hydraulic and pneumatic systems (fittings, connectors), General mechanical engineering (fasteners, bushings, shafts), Domestic appliances (small turned parts)
X12CrS13 Free-Machining Martensitic Stainless Steel Near/Alternative Equivalent Material Recommendations
| Country/Region | Standard | Grade | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Europe | EN 10088-1 | X12Cr13 (1.4006) | Same chromium content without sulfur; lower machinability but slightly better toughness |
| Europe | EN 10088-1 | X20Cr13 (1.4021) | Higher carbon for greater hardness; no free‑machining addition; suitable for tools |
| USA | ASTM A276 | 410 (UNS S41000) | General‑purpose martensitic stainless; good corrosion resistance but poor machinability |
| USA | AMS 5504 | 410 Stainless Steel | Aerospace equivalent, similar to EN 1.4006 |
| Europe | EN 10088-1 | X39CrMo17-1 (1.4122) | Higher chromium and molybdenum for improved corrosion resistance, used when machinability is secondary |
Notes:
Welding: Due to its high sulfur content and martensitic structure, welding is generally not recommended. If unavoidable, preheat to 200–300 °C, use a matching filler (e.g., E/ER 410NiMo or 309L), and perform a full post‑weld heat treatment (quenching and tempering) to restore mechanical properties and avoid cracking.
Corrosion resistance: Best performance in mildly corrosive atmospheres, fresh water, and organic media. Not suitable for chloride‑rich or marine environments where pitting may occur.
Heat treatment: Hardening: austenitize at 950–1050 °C, oil quench or air cool; tempering: typically at 700–780 °C to achieve the +QT800 condition. Lower tempering temperatures are avoided to preserve toughness.
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